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[Music]

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thank you very much for this opportunity

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I'm PhD student in Brazil I'm working

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with the interaction between

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microorganisms and me rights and in the

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beginning of my PhD I'm working with

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professor of fatherhood rages in the

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atmosphere a laboratory in the chemistry

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Institute at the University of Sao Paulo

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together with Alana and my colleagues

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that were here and to have a for people

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that are not familiar with the idea of

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this interaction between microorganisms

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and rocks and me writes we using

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laboratory some model microorganisms in

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this case the this cumulative traffic

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bacterium called acidity of bacillus for

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exceedance it's a really model for for

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us because as I was talking for it's a

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humanly to traffic microorganisms is a

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it's bacteria is able to use inorganic

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molecules that we found in rocks too as

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energy source for a living so to do so

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this bacterium used to living name

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various novel and it's an acid a philic

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bacterium like to live in places with a

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very low pH D so it can use iron and

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sulfur species as source of energy and

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this process of oxidation to get these

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energy and later to use the carbon

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dioxide from the atmosphere to produce

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its biomass and when we're thinking

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about the the use of these

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microorganisms in context of space

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exploration we need to look for our

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museums and seeing our collections of

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meteorites to see that the huge very

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different materials we have that comes

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from space so we can learn from these me

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writes how the composition of these

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rocks of these asteroids this planets

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seeing what we have here in this

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material represents hundreds of

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different kinds of asteroids and other

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bodies from the solar system like moon

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like Mars that we have pieces of rock

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from this place here on earth so you can

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use it to learn how to use them how to

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explore the possibilities we have in

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this material so when we think about

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that microorganism that can use material

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in this on organic molecules formula for

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these rocks we think the possibility of

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use of this contact for our exploration

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of natural resources and in a form for

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example of Billy Ching and the

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liberation of metals that are important

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in the colonization and to help the

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human beings to travel to other planets

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and survival there and use this kind of

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a way to access this material to help

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the colonization and even to prepare the

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soil for plantations and use in

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different ways to help us to complete

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the space but what we know now about me

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right the me rights in our collections I

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said there is a lot of different

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compositions but we can put it in two

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main groups they count right meteorites

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and the non Conrad meteorites what does

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mean for people we are not familiar of

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meteorites the chondrite material comes

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from the origin of the solar system the

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formation process of the solar system

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and the non-contract

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tells us about the history of the

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evolution of the solar system so we have

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the first material there and here we

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have some differentiation and separation

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of material so thinking about the main

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composition and the main phases of this

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material we have this tawny

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or rocky phase

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that we have in composition mainly

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silicate minerals from magnesium iron

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etc and we have the metallic phase that

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is mainly iron and nickel and we can

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find these two phases in different

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concentrations on each kind of meat

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right we have this group we have more

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composition of the rocky phase we have a

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group that I'll talk a little bit more

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that just the metallic phase just iron

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nickel and other metals and a mixture of

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both the stony-iron me right so going to

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start to think about the use of

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meteorites we start to think in

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something there was very recently

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present in the the science the first

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idea the first challenge proof of

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concept was to understand if this

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bacteria could survive using this Iram

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not from Earth but from me rights to

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grow and to gather this designer jet

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survived so this first work from 2005

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just did this they put meteorite in a

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very acid media to fragments and one was

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a biotic experiment and the other the

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biotic experience using exactly the same

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bacteria we were present here and what

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we saw was that the micro the Iram in

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the me right was attacked by the acid so

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we have the solubilization part of this

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acid and for my room too but when we

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have the bacteria it was capable of

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using this iron and that's oxidizing

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desire and got the energy and survived

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in growth so yes

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bacteria can use our room for me rights

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to survive using iron but you have a

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little bit of sulfides here too but but

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the iron was the main source of energy

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but okay we can't grow bacteria there

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but in the other methods could it make

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it worse due to bacteria

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with these other methods to be a

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challenge for something like much bigger

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like a bio leaching process in the space

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there's one another paper one another

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work from 2009 that tried almost the

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same idea a little bit more complex but

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nothing more to understand was developed

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200 really understand how the meteorite

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composition could really become a

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challenge for this bacteria to be used

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in a much larger process so the first

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idea is to think how could this process

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be far as something much larger in space

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in a huge asteroid that could be an iron

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composition but we also need to think

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about how we can make this process

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really happen and how we can access the

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information to know that the process is

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developing well in the space so a method

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that could help us to this process is

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called the capillary electrophoresis is

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material to just two small copper say

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this we need this is the liquid where we

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have our sample and we put a capillary

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in this and put a very large difference

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of a charge so we can make the ions

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there in this ionic species that were in

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this liquid to go through this capillary

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and the difference between the the

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charges and the the molecules we have

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here we make it take different time to

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cross all the capillary so we can make

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it separate and we can quantify each of

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them when they pass in front of detector

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so we can quantify ionic species that we

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will try to analyze we can use low

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sample reagent volumes this all this

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equipment can be miniaturized so you can

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put in our in a innocent spaceship and

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send it very cheaper than water or other

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methods to quantify this and we can put

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it together with a great variety of

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detection systems that can make your

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data more precise so think about the

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other thinking to understand how we can

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make this process work in space this

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this work try to have to to analyze to

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have we have two goals in this work the

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first one is to evaluate the possibility

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of the growth of this acid bath Phil's

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truck seasons during up very large

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process of bio leaching using a mirror

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right similar to thinking in the in all

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the methods that we could you have in

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this me right hand could influence the

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this growth and try to do this thinking

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in the space using a method that could

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be using in space using the vote

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revolving a novel method inside the

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capillary electrophoresis we could

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analyze the for ionic species they're

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important for us aren't you a nerve

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three that will tell us about the growth

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of the bacteria

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Nico and cop out there the other main

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main metals we have in this mirror X so

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to do this we use it as it passes for

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exceedance a strength called LR that are

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isolated from Brazil in the classic

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medium for this microorganism

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with soluble iron the form of sulfate of

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aero tube

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and we develop what we call a STONER

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meteorite so it's a median that have a

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composition similar to the main group of

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iron meteorites called three a B which

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the composition have nine percent of

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iron almost nine percent of nickel and

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more or less half percent of cobalt

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that's the main composition of the this

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meteorite and we have all these species

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soluble as sulfates all the groups are

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in early Meyer flasks 30 degrees Celsius

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100 p.m. shaker and all in triplicate in

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the development of the capillary

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electrophoresis we use as a background

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electrolysis solution of 10 millimole

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per liter of hydroxy butyrate acid and

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histidine to work all this the the

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species together in a pH of 5 we use two

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different detectors one base it on the

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conductivity of the material passing the

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capillary energy detector all the

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samples were diluted so you can have the

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right concentration we use complementary

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methods a measurements or

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spectrophotometry the classic

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colorimetric method for R 2 R 3 to

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validate our data and use ICP as oh yes

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to analyze nickel and cobalt

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concentrations so here are the results

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first

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we're able to develop this new method of

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capillary o2 Francis so we were able to

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find exactly concentrations for iron

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cobalt nickel and iron 3 in one just run

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of the equipment and we have very low

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limit of quantification the dictation so

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we can make it work even for lower

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concentrations working in space and

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looking for the growth curves we have

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first the Clara metric method suspected

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photometry we saw traditional growth

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curve exponential growth to consuming

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all their iron and later precipitate of

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iron three divers permit

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later with the the bacterial growth the

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same path you must found in the air the

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simulant of our standard me right so we

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saw that yes you can grow the episodes

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for accidents in me rights and that the

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nico the presence of the nico and the

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comment doesn't change much the specific

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growth rate but can change the formation

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of the minerals precipitate we see the

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same pattern for the capillary

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electrophoresis that we develop but this

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time a little bit more noisy results we

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can see for sure where the that that

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curve that the spanish show curve so

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well but we have the growth and then the

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formation of the precipitate in the

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traditional media we can see in the

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conductivity and UV detector with a good

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correlation coefficient in the green

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compared to the calorimetric composition

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the same we saw for the standard

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meteorite simulate and now we have a

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better correlation coefficient and we

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see that the nickel and cobalt doesn't

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change this growth so just to conclude

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we saw with this work first the novel

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merit to capillary and dr phrases allow

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us to detect in a single run

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oh the the ions that we we want to to

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quantify thinking the grow in the space

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in an iron mature in asteroid in space

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the bacteria was able to grow the

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simulant showing no significant

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difference due the presence of nickel

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and cobalt and this dope there is two

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results together make us think more

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about the possibilities of future study

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of the leaching of metal-rich asteroids

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and maybe out kind of asteroids so this

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was published in a paper the last year

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if you can see it you have been in

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doubts about it you can see it and just

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for future work we propose different

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kind of which writes a more broad study

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of all of them that is in fact to become

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my kg researcher and do me now thank you

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very much

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[Applause]

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okay are there any questions thank you

291
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it was a very nice talk but maybe it's a

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stupid question cuz I'm not in the field

293
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but could you go back to your results

294
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like slide 17 Megan yeah um could you

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clarify a bit more what's the difference

296
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between iron and iron in precipitation

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when this microorganism gross it

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consumed the iron - and oxidized to a

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form of iron 3 in even in this low pH

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higher highest concentrations of air

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creates a possibility formation of

302
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minerals like ox Hydrox

303
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oxide rods of iron and oxide drugs so

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fatal viral that precipitate as minerals

305
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like Jerez I'd and choise my night so

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this is the idea about formation of a

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new soil in an asteroid is this

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formation of this precipitate that takes

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a little bit of the iron and sometimes

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can take a little bit of the nickel in

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the cobalt and the other metals in the

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solution and the formation of this

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precipitate we can also have we can also

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detect the concentrations if you have

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the possibility of openness the

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solubility this the precipitate in

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hydrochloric acid thank you I have a

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question so you have a CEC for new

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system that's excellent we need to talk

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like what is the sensitivity the limit

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of detection and the dynamic range of

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fear see for lis sensor I guess that did

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I can't remember the results right now

324
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but the deranged we could work who else

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until that's okay I can't remember but I

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think there was something like 25

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millimoles per liter we can

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work who in the the this curve and the

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lower concentrations in the scale of

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micromoles per liter

331
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all right the answers thank you great

332
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talk

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I really appreciate you opening the

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possibility of soil generation by this

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micro planetary bodies in that context I

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had a question then about some of your

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extrapolations based on but maybe how

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this microbe can create plant available

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nutrients for growing plants on other

340
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planets it is that assumption correct or

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am I out of in fact we're trying to see

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this possibility we have a student in

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our lab they're trying to use this

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minerals that are precipitated to grow

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some some some food some I guess was

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wheat lived in this minerals but we are

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seeing a lot of problems because they're

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stable in LA and lower pH when he when

349
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you get to the neutral pH there's a lot

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of sulfur in the area so the iron

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becomes another farmers are iron out the

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toxins so it's very hard for the seed to

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grow but we are trying to see the

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possibility of use part of this minerals

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and part of other materials maybe other

356
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plan the plants that came from the

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previous generation to create some kind

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of soil we use for futures but we're

359
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starting to play with it we can see

360
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where can do with this precipitate

361
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that's great thank you

362
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[Music]

363
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great talk I love the idea of things

364
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growing on metals do you see any other

365
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oxidation of the iron

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but during your growth the in this pH

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the the electrode electrode difference

368
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for the oxidation the iron to try room

369
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three is much higher so that's exactly

370
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why the this microorganisms can grow

371
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better you know in a lower pH D so have

372
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more energy the difference so we can

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keep the little little bit of oxidation

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the abiotic oxidation and we try to to

375
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take as a baseline when you're trying to

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make your experiments with abiotic -

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okay do you see any siderophores for the

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active import of the iron species if I

379
00:20:34,490 --> 00:20:31,120
do see any small molecules secreted by

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the organism that help import the other

381
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my work didn't focus on this but we're

382
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trying to understand more about this as

383
00:20:47,700 --> 00:20:44,680
we have other sources of iron for

384
00:20:50,310 --> 00:20:47,710
example in study with satellite as a

385
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possibility of use in conditions like

386
00:20:55,620 --> 00:20:53,380
Mars so we're trying to understand

387
00:20:59,850 --> 00:20:55,630
understand the possibilities of use of

388
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EPs and maybe other surface to gather

389
00:21:05,910 --> 00:21:03,610
this the design for the bacteria it's a

390
00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:05,920
model bacteria there's a lot of study

391
00:21:12,060 --> 00:21:08,650
been doing about this but there's a lot

392
00:21:14,700 --> 00:21:12,070
of questions open how the formation of

393
00:21:17,820 --> 00:21:14,710
the precipitate how it works to get

394
00:21:20,460 --> 00:21:17,830
desire so there's a lot kindred with